Hybridisation and its Types

Hybridisation:- Hybridisation is a process of mixing of orbitals of equivalent shape and energies to produce new orbitals of identical energies which are same in numbers of the orbitals mixing. These new orbitals oriented symmetrically with respect to one another .

Types of Hybridisation :-

Hybridisation is classified into seven types which are as follows :

sp hybridisation

sp2 hybridisation

sp3 hybridisation

dsp2 hybridisation

sp3d hybridisation

sp3d2 hybridisation

sp3d3 hybridisation

The further explanation of all types of Hybridisations are as follows :

1. sp hybridisation -  This type of hybridisation involves mixing of one s-orbital and one p-orbital of equal energies to give new hybridised orbital which is known as sp hybridisation orbital or diagonal hybridisation. Its geometry is linear and bond angle is 180° .

Ex: BeCl2

2. sp2 hybridisation - This type of hybridisation takes place when one s-orbital and two p-orbitals (i.e. Px and Py orbitals) combines together to give three sp2 hybridised orbitals or trigonal hybridisation of equal energies . These orbitals are oriented at an angle of 120° in the same plane and have trigonal geometry.

Ex: BF3

3. sp3 hybridisation - This type of hybridisation takes place when one s-orbital and three p-orbitals (Px , Py , Pz) combines together to produce four sp3 hybridised orbitals which have same energy and shape and are oriented at an angle of 109°28' . They have tetrahedral geometry therefore also known as tetrahedral hybridisation.

Ex: CH4

4. dsp2 hybridisation - This one is takes place when one s , two p , and one d orbitals mix together to give four equivalent hybrid orbitals . This hybridisation has square planar geometry . The angle of maximum repulsion between their orbitals is 90° .

Ex: [Ni(CN)4]^2- 

5. sp3d hybridisation - Mixing of one s , three p and one d atomic orbitals gives five sp3d hybrid orbitals and the process is known as sp3d hybridisation.  sp3d hybridisation has trigonal bipyramidal geometry whereas its bond angle of three coplanner bonds is 120° and the remaining two bonds are bonded with bond angles of 90° .

Ex: PF5 , SF4 etc.

6. sp3d2 hybridisation - When one s , three p and two d atomic orbitals combines , they give six equivalent sp3d2 hybrid orbitals . Such a combination is called sp3d2 hybridisation . It have a octahedral geometry and a bond angle of 90° .

Ex: SF6 , IF5 etc.

7. sp3d3 hybridisation - On mixing one s , three p and three d atomic orbitals , the result have seven sp3d3 hybrid orbitals . They have a pentagonal bipyramid geometry . These are not equivalent hybrid orbitals. Five orbitals points towards the vertices of regular pentagon while the rest are perpendicular to plane . The bonds of regular pentagon have a bond angle of 72° while the other two are at bond angle of 90°.

Ex: IF7 .

This was about hybridisation and its types . Comment down for your queries and stay tuned .